Texts

Find the works the readings interpret, with introductions to the arguments and passages they take up.

A

1 reading
A Reply to the Mahatma
A Reply to the Mahatma develops Ambedkar’s disagreement with Gandhi over caste and varna. It makes occupational freedom a test that equal praise for hereditary duties cannot settle.
2 readings
A Theory of Justice
A Theory of Justice develops principles for institutions and a just-savings argument across generations. The readings distinguish these claims from equal incomes or actual agreement.
1 reading
A Treatise of Human Nature
A Treatise of Human Nature examines experience and the attribution of personal identity. Its appendix leaves a difficulty about the unity of perceptions explicitly unresolved.
1 reading
A Vindication of Caste
A Vindication of Caste presents Gandhi’s response to Ambedkar. Its defense of equal hereditary duties differs from freedom to choose an occupation.
1 reading
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman challenges dependence through arguments about rational judgment and education. Its institutional proposals must be assessed as well as its universal claims.
1 reading
Accountability in a Computerized Society
Accountability in a Computerized Society examines obstacles to assigning responsibility in complex systems. It helps separate causal contribution, answerability, blame and repair.
2 readings
Algorithmic Accountability and Public Reason
Algorithmic Accountability and Public Reason examines justification in automated decision-making. Its argument reaches beyond exposing a formula to the reasons affected people can challenge.
1 reading
All Animals Are Equal
All Animals Are Equal challenges species preference through the capacity to suffer. Singer’s argument concerns comparable interests rather than treating every being in the same way.
2 readings
An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding
An Enquiry concerning Human Understanding examines causal inference, custom, liberty and necessity. The readings distinguish its arguments from stronger claims about powers or modern determinism.
1 reading
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding examines how ideas arise and what they warrant. Its account of qualities and substance acknowledges limits to our knowledge of bodies.
1 reading
An Inquiry into the Good
An Inquiry into the Good develops Nishida’s account of pure experience. Later revisions matter when tracing his movement toward a philosophy of place.
1 reading
Analects
The selected sayings from the Analects concern learning, humaneness, ritual and government. The collection speaks in several voices, and how it was compiled is uncertain.
1 reading
Anarchy, State, and Utopia
Anarchy, State, and Utopia challenges patterned distributions through a historical account of entitlement. Just origins and rectification remain essential to its argument.
1 reading
Annihilation of Caste
Annihilation of Caste challenges caste’s organization and religious authority. Ambedkar’s argument asks what equality requires beyond a more generous attitude within inherited divisions.
1 reading
Apology
Plato’s account of Socrates’s defense connects examination and care for the soul with civic authority, religious commitment and the refusal of an unjust order.
1 reading
As We Have Always Done
Selected passages connect land, education and political authority with the continuation of Nishnaabeg life.

B

8 readings
Being and Time
Heidegger’s early inquiry follows Dasein, equipment, others, care, temporality and historicity. Its claims remain open to philosophical and political criticism.
1 reading
Bijak
A selected poem concerns saying, understanding and liberation. Its place in the Kabir Panth collection is distinct from other receptions of Kabir’s poetry.
1 reading
Black Skin, White Masks
Black Skin, White Masks examines how racial categories enter experience and recognition. The selected encounter raises questions about a body made to carry meanings imposed by others.
1 reading
Borderlands Epistemologies
The selected abridged Harding text argues for inquiry beginning from lives that dominant institutions overlook. A standpoint must be developed and tested; social position alone does not make an explanation infallible.
1 reading
Brahma Sūtra
The opening inquiry into brahman is read with Śaṅkara’s interpretation. The aphorisms are distinct from his later claim that knowledge removes ignorance instead of producing liberation.
1 reading
Brihadaranyaka Upanishad
In a received dialogue, Maitreyī asks about wealth, immortality and knowing the knower. Its claims about the self invite further examination.
1 reading
Building Dwelling Thinking
Heidegger’s essay connects building and dwelling through things and places that gather a world. Gathering does not by itself justify claims of access or ownership.

C

1 reading
Capital
Capital examines commodities, labor and exchange through social relations. Its account of fetishism concerns real pressures as well as misleading appearances.
4 readings
Cartesian Meditations
Husserl examines transcendental inquiry, constitution and the experience of other people. The study uses bounded sections of Dorion Cairns’s translation.
1 reading
Catechism of the Catholic Church
The Catechism of the Catholic Church states an official account of Eucharistic presence and sacrament. Understanding that account does not require endorsing it or translating it into chemistry.
1 reading
Chandogya Upanishad
The clay comparison and the sentence identifying the self with ultimate reality are read alongside interpretations that disagree about what that unity means.
1 reading
Chinese Civilization vis-à-vis Eastern and Western Philosophies
Chinese Civilization vis-à-vis Eastern and Western Philosophies presents Liang Shuming’s cultural comparison. The selected account needs scrutiny of its broad types as well as its proposals for renewal.
1 reading
Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America
Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America examines enduring relations among classification, labor and power. Its framework does not diagnose every unequal arrangement without further evidence.
1 reading
Confessions
Selected books examine divided willing and the measurement of time. Remembered experience belongs here to a religious inquiry, not to an isolated autobiography.
1 reading
Critique of Judgement
The Critique of Judgement examines aesthetic judgment and its claim on others. Disinterested pleasure differs from private liking, but no formula can simply prove beauty.

D

1 reading
Daodejing
Selected chapters take up names, distinctions and nonaction, and ask how restraint can support others. Questions about neglect and paternalism stay unresolved.
1 reading
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex
Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex examines exclusions produced by separating race and gender. Its historical legal analysis informs a broader question about categories and visibility.
1 reading
Dialectic of Enlightenment
Dialectic of Enlightenment examines how projects of rational mastery can support domination. The selected argument does not require rejecting reason or all measurement.
1 reading
Différance
Différance is Derrida’s essay on relations through which meaning emerges and is deferred. The selected discussion introduces its argument through the dependence between opposed terms.
1 reading
Discourse on Inequality
The Discourse on Inequality offers a conjectural account of dependence and unequal institutions. It should not be mistaken for an established history of human origins.

E

1 reading
Eclipse of Reason
Eclipse of Reason criticizes a narrowing of reason to efficient means. The question concerns the grounds of a chosen end, not simply whether a procedure works.
1 reading
Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844
The Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 examine alienation in work. Their account concerns structural relations as well as the feelings workers may have.
1 reading
Enchiridion
The handbook distinguishes our judgments from the results that follow. How does training our responses bear on emotional life and on difficult duties toward other people?
1 reading
Enneads
Selected arguments concern a simple source and the soul’s direction. Metaphysical explanation is one thing; a report of transformative experience is another.
1 reading
Epiphenomenal Qualia
The selected Mary argument in Jackson’s essay asks what someone gains on first experiencing color after knowing its physical account. The lesson does not adopt the essay’s further claim that felt qualities lack physical effects.
1 reading
Epistemic Injustice
The introduction to Epistemic Injustice distinguishes unfair credibility from gaps in shared understanding, and Fricker later clarifies the distinction.
1 reading
Epistle on Galen’s works
Hunayn’s report of translation and revision is evidence of scholarly practice. It does not settle whether every argument transmitted this way is true.
1 reading
Equality of What?
Equality of What? questions the space in which equality is assessed. Sen’s argument exposes differences between equal means and the opportunities those means make possible.
1 reading
Ethics (Spinoza)
Spinoza’s Ethics connects substance, necessity and human affects. Its demanding premises matter to the claim that understanding can change how a person acts.
2 readings
Euthyphro
Plato’s Euthyphro tests proposed definitions of piety and asks what divine approval explains. Its ending is unresolved, and it offers no completed theory.
1 reading
Evolving Concepts of Epistemic Injustice
Fricker’s later discussion refines the differences between prejudiced misjudgment, uneven shared understanding and deliberate discrediting. It also clarifies how her position differs from stronger claims for standpoint advantages.
1 reading
Existentialism and Humanism
Existentialism and Humanism argues from existence before a fixed human purpose toward the demands of choice. The course uses that argument as a bounded comparison with Beauvoir.

F

1 reading
Facing Up to the Problem of Consciousness
Chalmers’s selected argument separates explaining discrimination and reporting from explaining experience itself. The lesson tests that distinction without treating an explanatory gap as an automatic proof of a nonphysical mind.
1 reading
Fear and Trembling
Fear and Trembling distinguishes resignation from faith through Johannes de Silentio’s account. Its religious demand resists conversion into general advice to follow personal conviction.
1 reading
Florentine Codex
A selected maternal discourse survives in a collaborative colonial manuscript. Keep in view its different columns, its social demands and the contribution of its Nahua makers.
8 readings
Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way
Chapter 24 answers an objection about what emptiness means for change and liberation, and chapter 15 adds a clarification.

G

1 reading
Genjōkōan
The fish and fan encounters challenge the idea that awakening is a possession that makes further practice unnecessary.
2 readings
Gilgamesh
The Standard Babylonian work follows loss, the search for renewed life and the return to Uruk, and its narrative raises questions about what mortals can achieve.
1 reading
Great Learning
The Great Learning’s educational inquiry is read through Zhu Xi’s commentary. His interpretation of investigating things differs from the shorter inherited text, and other readings exist.
1 reading
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
The Groundwork examines moral principles through maxims and universal lawgiving. The false-promise argument shows both the force and the disputed reach of universalization.
1 reading
Guide of the Perplexed
Selected chapters discuss image, human language, unity and attributes. Interpretations of their negative theology remain open to argument.
1 reading
Guru Granth Sahib
The selected saloks of Nanak are read within Sikh scripture. Their devotional setting matters, and they are distinct from Kabir’s Bijak poem.

H

1 reading
Han Feizi
Selected chapters concern standards and official conduct. The received work’s attribution and the later Legalist classification are separate questions.
1 reading
Hatata associated with Zera Yacob
The Hatata associated with Zera Yacob questions inherited belief through religious reasoning. Its arguments can be examined while the work’s authorship remains unresolved.
1 reading
How to Make Our Ideas Clear
How to Make Our Ideas Clear develops Peirce’s pragmatic maxim. It connects clear meaning with practical effects while leaving beliefs answerable to inquiry.

I

2 readings
Ideas I
Ideas I develops Husserl’s inquiry into intentional experience and bracketing. The selected discussion asks how an object appears through views that never exhaust it.
1 reading
Ifá Divination Poetry
One identified Oyo performance is read through Abimbola’s collection and translation. Its recording date is not its origin, and one poem does not show universal agreement.
1 reading
Inductive Risk and Values in Science
Inductive Risk and Values in Science asks how foreseeable error costs can enter inquiry. Values affect judgments under uncertainty without serving as evidence that a conclusion is true.
1 reading
Instructions for Practical Living
In the selected exchange between Wang Yangming and Xu Ai about knowledge and action, what does the smell analogy establish? The short selection is not the whole work.

K

1 reading
Knowledge as a Development Issue
Knowledge as a Development Issue asks who directs research and who can answer it. Hountondji’s criticism concerns dependence in knowledge production as well as local identity.

L

2 readings
Land as pedagogy
Simpson’s publicly shared argument concerns the conditions of learning. Reading it means respecting the responsibilities and limits attached to sharing knowledge.
1 reading
Lectures on the Philosophy of History
The Lectures on the Philosophy of History connect historical development with freedom. The reading confronts their exclusion of Africa and questions the idea of necessary progress.
2 readings
Letter on Humanism
Heidegger’s later essay reconsiders humanism, language and the relation to being. Its retrospective account does not settle the history of his development.
1 reading
Letter to Menoeceus
Epicurus’s advice about desire, choice and death is an argument about living well, not a list of invitations to immediate enjoyment.
1 reading
Leviathan
Leviathan explains a sovereign’s authority through authorization among subjects. Its argument must be read alongside self-defense and the connection between protection and obedience.

M

1 reading
Meditations on First Philosophy
Meditations on First Philosophy moves from systematic doubt toward claims about the thinker and the world. The cogito alone does not establish everything the later meditations argue.
1 reading
Mengzi
The well-child and Ox Mountain passages argue that moral beginnings need nourishment. They do not promise goodness without work.
1 reading
Metaphysics (Aristotle)
Selected discussions of substance, matter, form, potentiality and actuality ask what makes something a definite thing.
1 reading
Mīmāṃsā Sūtra
The opening inquiry into prescribed action is read with its later commentary. The aphorisms themselves are distinct from the arguments used to defend their authority.
1 reading
Monadology
The Monadology presents Leibniz’s account of simple substances and their coordinated perspectives. Its selected claims support a bounded comparison with Spinoza’s single substance.
1 reading
Mozi
Selected received chapters argue for inclusive concern and against aggressive war. Their attributed speeches are not a verified record of one person’s words.
1 reading
Muqaddimah
Selected accounts of kinship, allies and royal authority distinguish gaining rule from keeping it, and both from its possible decline.

N

1 reading
New Chronicle and Good Government
New Chronicle and Good Government combines criticism of colonial rule with proposals for governing. Its imagined royal dialogue must be read with its Christian commitments and mediation in view.
1 reading
Nicomachean Ethics
Aristotle’s account of flourishing runs through activity, habituation, practical judgment and friendship. It also attends to circumstances that virtue alone cannot supply.
3 readings
Nyāya Sūtra
Selected passages of the Nyāya Sūtra concern the sources of knowledge and inference. The root text is kept apart from explanations by translators and commentators.

O

1 reading
On First Philosophy
Al-Kindi defends philosophy and cumulative learning. Why does gratitude for earlier work not settle whether an argument is sound?
1 reading
On Liberty
On Liberty defends limits on coercion and the value of dissent. Its harm principle requires judgment, and Mill’s exclusions remain part of the argument’s historical limits.
1 reading
On Sense and Reference
On Sense and Reference examines how expressions can share a reference yet differ in cognitive significance. Belief reports make the limits of substitution especially clear.
1 reading
On the Essence of Truth
Heidegger’s essay distinguishes correctness from the openness in which beings can be encountered, and it brings concealment and errancy into the question.
1 reading
On the Freedom of the Will
Erasmus’s On the Freedom of the Will defends a qualified place for human choice. The dispute concerns how to interpret scripture and understand dependence on grace.
1 reading
On the Genealogy of Morals
On the Genealogy of Morals examines how values arise and operate. Its hostile historical claims require assessment alongside its challenge to inherited moral authority.
1 reading
Our Attitude toward Modern Western Civilization
Our Attitude toward Modern Western Civilization challenges simplified cultural oppositions. Hu Shi’s argument asks how inquiry and reform can address actual conditions.
1 reading
Outlines of Pyrrhonism
Sextus presents suspension of judgment, the skeptical modes and guidance for practical life. His is an ongoing inquiry, not a settled doctrine that nothing can be known.

P

1 reading
Paraclesis
Erasmus’s Paraclesis argues for wider access to Christian scripture. Its appeal to readers belongs to a religious humanism, not a simple rejection of church authority.
1 reading
Person and Community in African Thought
Person and Community in African Thought examines Gyekye’s account of community and personhood. Its claims should not be generalized into a unanimous African view.
5 readings
Phenomenology of Perception
Merleau-Ponty examines bodily access, habit, expression and other people. The study distinguishes the Landes units from the separately edited Smith selections.
1 reading
Phenomenology of Spirit
The Phenomenology of Spirit examines the instability of one-sided recognition through lordship and bondage. Dependence on the other’s judgment complicates any story of simple mastery.
1 reading
Philosophical Investigations
Selected remarks in the Philosophical Investigations take up meaning, use and games. They include the qualification that meaning as use is not a formula for every case.
1 reading
Philosophy of Liberation
Philosophy of Liberation examines exclusion through the relation between a system and those it reduces to functions. Its demand to listen also remains open to criticism.
1 reading
Philosophy of Right
The Philosophy of Right considers freedom through institutions and shared forms of life. Its argument does not make every existing institution free or just.
1 reading
Physics (Aristotle)
Selected passages from Book II concern nature, the four causes and natural ends. Objections to teleological explanation, explaining a thing by its end, remain open.
1 reading
Place (Nishida)
Place develops Nishida’s inquiry into the context within which distinctions are made. Moving from judgments to claims about being requires argument rather than an analogy alone.
1 reading
Poimandres
The first Hermetic treatise narrates a teaching encounter and promises salvation. Keep apart the authority the narrative claims, the work of historical interpretation and the question of warrant.
1 reading
Pointers and Reminders
In the selected argument about necessity, the challenge is to move from contingent members to an explanation of their collection.
1 reading
Politics
Selected claims defend natural slavery and political hierarchy. Distinctions between force, convention and supposed fitness put those claims under pressure.
1 reading
Pragmatism (James)
James’s Pragmatism examines truth through verification, including indirect reliance on others. Its account of usefulness remains constrained by experience beyond present satisfaction.
1 reading
Pramāṇavārttika
The opening ten verses, read with Dharmakīrti’s own commentary, ask what connection a reason needs and how that connection is established.
1 reading
Principles of Human Knowledge
Principles of Human Knowledge challenges material substance through arguments about ideas and resemblance. Berkeley’s conclusion goes beyond the observation that appearances vary.
9 readings
Process and Reality
Whitehead’s speculative method runs from becoming, enduring order, perception and judgment to the disputed role of God. The readings reconstruct how the scheme connects and test what its explanations leave unresolved.
1 reading
Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
The Prolegomena asks how experience and certain kinds of knowledge are possible. Its account of conditions does not remove the need to investigate particular causes.

Q

1 reading
Quaker faith & practice
Quaker faith & practice gathers British Quaker reflections and statements. The selected passages discuss sacramental life and outward rites while leaving differences among Friends visible.

R

2 readings
Republic
Plato’s Republic compares a city with a soul and offers the images of the sun, the line and the cave. What do justice and understanding require, and how much can the images establish?
1 reading
Rig Veda
The creation hymn asks about origins and possible witnesses, and hesitates over whether even an overseer could know how things began.

S

1 reading
Sāṃkhya Kārikā
The selected verses argue about the witness, changing nature and release. How can discipline be explained without making consciousness an agent?
1 reading
Saṃyutta Nikāya
Three selected discourses address suffering, not-self and dependent arising. What assumptions link change, control and attachment in their arguments?
1 reading
Science as Falsification
Science as Falsification distinguishes exposure to possible refutation from collecting agreeable examples. Its criterion makes the design and interpretation of tests philosophically significant.
1 reading
Second Treatise of Government
Locke’s Second Treatise of Government grounds political power in rights, consent and trust. Resistance and the contested implications of property test the limits of that power.
1 reading
Śrībhāṣya
Selected commentary discusses unity, difference and liberation. The relation of body to self and loving remembrance set Rāmānuja’s interpretation apart.
1 reading
Summa Theologiae
Selected questions treat demonstration, revelation and natural law. Keep the objections apart from Aquinas’s answer, and each conclusion within its stated scope.

T

1 reading
Tattvārtha Sūtra
Selected passages describe living beings, conduct and karmic bondage in a work received across Jain traditions. Its attribution is qualified, and later interpretation is kept distinct.
3 readings
Teaching of Ptahhotep
A work attributed to Ptahhotep, known through its surviving witness, advises on listening, conduct and authority within an unequal social order.
1 reading
The Blue and Brown Books
The Blue and Brown Books offer teaching examples about explaining words, language-games and family likenesses. The course reads selected examples through its workshop comparison.
1 reading
The Bondage of the Will
Luther’s The Bondage of the Will disputes Erasmus’s reading of human ability. Its argument separates being commanded to act from possessing the power to comply.
1 reading
The Case for Animal Rights (essay)
The essay The Case for Animal Rights presents Regan’s objection to aggregating away individuals. This selected essay is distinct from his book with the same title.
1 reading
The Dispeller of Disputes
In seventy verses with his own prose commentary, Nāgārjuna answers objections to the claim that everything is empty, including the charge that the claim undermines itself. A focused study on Nāgārjuna reads it in Jan Westerhoff’s translation.
1 reading
The Ethics of Ambiguity
The Ethics of Ambiguity holds agency together with dependence and constraint. Its account of freedom asks what we owe to others whose possibilities our actions affect.
1 reading
The Incoherence of the Incoherence
Averroes replies in defense of natural powers. The distinction between a cause and an observed conjunction is central to the dispute.
1 reading
The Incoherence of the Philosophers
The selected discussion of cotton and fire asks what observation establishes, and how regular experience might stay intelligible without necessary causal connections.
1 reading
The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism
The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism argues from the fixed past and laws toward limits on acting otherwise. Evaluating it requires examining the steps of that transfer.
1 reading
The Land Ethic
The Land Ethic asks how humans belong within an ecological community. Its extension of concern invites further questions about obligations, particular relationships and competing needs.
1 reading
The Meanings of Terms in the Analects and Mencius
The selected discussion of principle and the Way shows inherited vocabulary itself becoming a subject of philosophical criticism.
1 reading
The Origin of the Work of Art
In Heidegger’s account, a work of art may open a world through relations of world and earth. Such disclosure does not certify factual accuracy or the justice of a community.
1 reading
The Phenomenology of Internal Time Consciousness
The selected Churchill translation supports distinctions among present impression, retention, protention and recollection. Omissions in its anthology are noted.
1 reading
The Primacy of Perception
The Primacy of Perception examines embodied access to the world. Its account of perceptual possibilities should not make one body’s capacities a universal standard.
1 reading
The Question Concerning Technology
Heidegger asks how beings become available as standing-reserve. A critique of enframing does not remove the need for technical evidence and public justification.
1 reading
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam
The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam connects enduring principles with changing conditions. Iqbal’s legal proposals ask how interpretation and collective deliberation might be renewed.
1 reading
The Second Sex
The Second Sex examines women’s position as Other and restrictions on their projects. Its account requires attention both to care’s value and to limits in its generalizations.
1 reading
The Self-Assertion of the German University
Heidegger’s 1933 rectoral address is read here as political evidence. The translation witness and the notebook evidence each have their own limits, which are kept distinct.
1 reading
The Social Contract
The Social Contract asks how association can preserve freedom. Its account of common interest raises difficult questions about judgment, disagreement and coercion.
1 reading
The Souls of Black Folk
The Souls of Black Folk examines the experience of racial division and double consciousness. Du Bois’s account must remain situated rather than become a description of every divided self.
1 reading
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions examines inquiry organized around shared achievements. Its account of scientific change does not make evidence or rational comparison irrelevant.
1 reading
The Subject and Power
The Subject and Power investigates the formation of subjects and relations that guide conduct. It helps distinguish power’s productive effects from simple prohibition.
1 reading
The Universality of the Hermeneutical Problem
The Universality of the Hermeneutical Problem considers the conditions of understanding. Its account connects interpretation with inherited assumptions that an encounter can change.
1 reading
Thirty Verses
The selected verses describe changing dispositions and forms of consciousness. Their continuity is no evidence of a permanent owner.
1 reading
Thoughts and Sentiments
Thoughts and Sentiments attacks slavery and calls for institutional change. Cugoano’s argument for equal liberty can be separated from tensions in his proposed transition.
1 reading
Three Principal Aspects of the Path
The selected verses link dependence with emptiness. Understanding change belongs to a path of liberation; it does not make ordinary consequences disappear.
1 reading
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
The Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus gives a picture account of what makes a proposition meaningful. Compare its explanatory purpose with Wittgenstein’s later attention to language in use.
1 reading
Treatise on the Doctrinal Distinctions of the Huayan One Vehicle
In the selected rafter passage, a familiar construction becomes a test of claims about constitutive relations, necessity and sufficiency.
1 reading
Twenty Verses
Vasubandhu challenges an inference from orderly appearances to external objects. What does a dream counterexample defeat, and what does it leave open?

U

1 reading
Utilitarianism
Mill’s Utilitarianism examines happiness, the quality of pleasures and impartial concern. A majority’s satisfaction alone cannot establish that a policy promotes overall well-being.

V

1 reading
Vegans, Freaks, and Animals
Vegans, Freaks, and Animals examines relations between ableism and animal ethics. Its comparison does not equate disabled people with animals or remove either group’s particular concerns.

W

1 reading
Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?
Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed? examines evidence of continuing legal reasoning. Its challenge to a closure narrative leaves further questions about the institutions of interpretation.
1 reading
What Experience Teaches
Lewis’s selected ability hypothesis proposes that experience can teach recognition, recollection and imagination. It challenges an inference from new learning to new nonphysical facts without completing a physical explanation of experience.
1 reading
What is Art?
What is Art? connects expression with the form of a work. Tagore’s discussion invites attention to how rhythm, arrangement and unity contribute to what art does.

X

1 reading
Xunzi
Selected received chapters address human nature, learning and ritual. Judgments differ about their authorship and about what deliberate effort means.

Y

1 reading
Yoga Sūtra
In the Yoga Sūtra, practice and dispassion address the changing mind. The selected account links discernment with release, not with improving an unchanging witness.

Z

1 reading
Zhuangzi
A received collection challenges confident judgment and describes practiced skill. It speaks in several voices, and its attribution is disputed.