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Physics (Aristotle)
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Selected passages from Book II concern nature, the four causes and natural ends. Objections to teleological explanation, explaining a thing by its end, remain open.
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Guided course · Module 5 · Lesson 23
What counts as explaining something?
Aristotle’s four causes answer different questions about one thing. A cup and a growing plant test what matter, form and an end can explain, including an end that no one consciously intends.