Thinker
1 reading
← Thinkers
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Thinker · 1 reading
Leibniz describes a world of many partless, perceiving substances. Their plurality and coordination contrast with Spinoza’s one substance, though they do not by themselves establish uncaused choice.
All readings
1 reading · Title A–Z
Guided course · Module 9 · Lesson 49
One nature or many substances?
Spinoza argues for one substance, God or Nature, and Leibniz for many monads. For Spinoza, understanding might increase freedom within a necessary order.