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Substance monism
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Substance monism holds that there is one substance. In Spinoza, its modes and attributes require distinctions that a picture of one ordinary material thing would obscure.
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Guided course · Module 9 · Lesson 49
One nature or many substances?
Spinoza argues for one substance, God or Nature, and Leibniz for many monads. For Spinoza, understanding might increase freedom within a necessary order.