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Active and passive affects
Concept · 1 reading
Spinoza distinguishes affects through the adequacy of their causes. Becoming more active involves understanding, not merely waiting before responding or appearing calm.
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Guided course · Module 9 · Lesson 49
One nature or many substances?
Spinoza argues for one substance, God or Nature, and Leibniz for many monads. For Spinoza, understanding might increase freedom within a necessary order.